ΚΟΥΡΗΤΗΣ:
ΑΡΕΣ ΜΑΡΕΣ ΚΟΥΚΟΥΝΑΡΕΣ... ΞΕΡΩ ΚΙ ΕΓΩ ΝΑ ΠΑΙΖΩ ΕΤΣΙ...
The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and has since caused a large scale COVID-19 epidemic and spread to more than 70 other countries is the product of natural evolution, according to findings published today in the journal Nature Medicine. The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered. "By comparing the available genome sequence data for known coronavirus strains, we can firmly determine that SARS-CoV-2 originated through natural processes," said Kristian Andersen, PhD, an associate professor of immunology and microbiology at Scripps Research and corresponding author on the paper. In addition to Andersen, authors on the paper, "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2," include Robert F. Garry, of Tulane University; Edward Holmes, of the University of Sydney; Andrew Rambaut, of University of Edinburgh; W. Ian Lipkin, of Columbia University.
Funding for the research was provided by the US National Institutes of Health, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Wellcome Trust, the European Research Council, and an ARC Australian Laureate Fellowship.
Josie Golding, PhD, epidemics lead at UK-based Wellcome Trust, said the findings by Andersen and his colleagues are "crucially important to bring an evidence-based view to the rumors that have been circulating about the origins of the virus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19." "They conclude that the virus is the product of natural evolution," Goulding adds, "ending any speculation about deliberate genetic engineering."
Shortly after the epidemic began, Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2 and made the data available to researchers worldwide. The resulting genomic sequence data has shown that Chinese authorities rapidly detected the epidemic and that the number of COVID-19 cases have been increasing because of human to human transmission after a single introduction into the human population. Andersen and collaborators at several other research institutions used this sequencing data to explore the origins and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 by focusing in on several tell-tale features of the virus.
The scientists analyzed the genetic template for spike proteins, armatures on the outside of the virus that it uses to grab and penetrate the outer walls of human and animal cells. More specifically, they focused on two important features of the spike protein:
The scientists found that the RBD portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins had evolved to effectively target a molecular feature on the outside of human cells called ACE2, a receptor involved in regulating blood pressure. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was so effective at binding the human cells, in fact, that the scientists concluded it was the result of natural selection and not the product of genetic engineering.
This evidence for natural evolution was supported by data on SARS-CoV-2's backbone -- its overall molecular structure. If someone were seeking to engineer a new coronavirus as a pathogen, they would have constructed it from the backbone of a virus known to cause illness. But the scientists found that the SARS-CoV-2 backbone differed substantially from those of already known coronaviruses and mostly resembled related viruses found in bats and pangolins. "These two features of the virus, the mutations in the RBD portion of the spike protein and its distinct backbone, rules out laboratory manipulation as a potential origin for SARS-CoV-2" said Andersen.
Based on their genomic sequencing analysis, Andersen and his collaborators concluded that the most likely origins for SARS-CoV-2 followed one of two possible scenarios.
Read: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm
- ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΣΑΝ ΚΙΝΕΖΙΚΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ ΤΑ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΟΙ ΚΙΝΕΖΟΙ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΑΝ.
- ΔΙΑΠΙΣΤΩΝΟΥΝ ΟΡΘΩΣ ΤΗΝ ΙΔΙΑΙΤΕΡΗ ΙΚΑΝΟΤΗΤΑ ΤΟΥ ΙΟΥ ΝΑ ΑΓΚΙΣΤΡΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΣΤΑ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΑ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΑ, (was so effective at binding the human cells) ΑΛΛΑ ΤΗΝ ΘΕΩΡΟΥΝ ΩΣ ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑ ΕΞΕΛΙΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΙΟΥ. ΓΙΑΤΙ; ΓΙΑΤΙ ΕΤΣΙ ΛΕΝΕ ΤΑ ΚΙΝΕΖΙΚΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ. (supported by data on SARS-CoV-2's backbone)
- ΣΥΝΕΧΙΖΟΥΝ ΛΕΓΟΝΤΑΣ ΠΩΣ ΑΝ ΚΑΠΟΙΟΣ ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΑΖΕ ΕΝΑΝ ΙΟ ΘΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΟΥΣΕ ΑΠΟ ΕΝΑΝ ΑΛΛΟΝ ΠΟΥ ΠΡΟΚΑΛΕΙ ΣΟΒΑΡΗ ΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΑ... (If someone were seeking to engineer a new coronavirus as a pathogen, they would have constructed it from the backbone of a virus known to cause illness.) ΔΕΝ ΦΑΙΝΕΤΑΙ ΝΑ ΕΧΟΥΝ ΑΚΟΥΣΕΙ ΠΟΤΕ, ΠΑΡΟΤΙ ΕΙΔΙΚΟΙ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΕΣ, ΓΙΑ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΑ ΕΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΑΚΩΝ ΙΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΑΤΑ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΗ ΜΗ ΘΑΝΑΤΗΦΟΡΩΝ ΙΩΝ.
ΑΡΕΣ ΜΑΡΕΣ ΚΟΥΚΟΥΝΑΡΕΣ... ΞΕΡΩ ΚΙ ΕΓΩ ΝΑ ΠΑΙΖΩ ΕΤΣΙ...
- ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΠΙΤΙ ΣΟΥ ΠΕΡΝΩ (ΚΑΝΩ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ) ΚΑΙ ΤΗΓΑΝΙΖΕΙΣ ΨΑΡΙ (ΚΙΝΕΖΙΚΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ)
- ΜΟΥ ΠΕΤΑΣ ΕΝΑΝ ΚΕΦΤΕ (ΙΙΚΟ ΑΓΚΙΣΤΡΟ) ΣΟΥ ΛΕΩ ΔΕΝ ΚΑΠΝΙΖΩ. (ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΕΛΕΥΣΗ)
The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and has since caused a large scale COVID-19 epidemic and spread to more than 70 other countries is the product of natural evolution, according to findings published today in the journal Nature Medicine. The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered. "By comparing the available genome sequence data for known coronavirus strains, we can firmly determine that SARS-CoV-2 originated through natural processes," said Kristian Andersen, PhD, an associate professor of immunology and microbiology at Scripps Research and corresponding author on the paper. In addition to Andersen, authors on the paper, "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2," include Robert F. Garry, of Tulane University; Edward Holmes, of the University of Sydney; Andrew Rambaut, of University of Edinburgh; W. Ian Lipkin, of Columbia University.
Funding for the research was provided by the US National Institutes of Health, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Wellcome Trust, the European Research Council, and an ARC Australian Laureate Fellowship.
Josie Golding, PhD, epidemics lead at UK-based Wellcome Trust, said the findings by Andersen and his colleagues are "crucially important to bring an evidence-based view to the rumors that have been circulating about the origins of the virus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19." "They conclude that the virus is the product of natural evolution," Goulding adds, "ending any speculation about deliberate genetic engineering."
Shortly after the epidemic began, Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2 and made the data available to researchers worldwide. The resulting genomic sequence data has shown that Chinese authorities rapidly detected the epidemic and that the number of COVID-19 cases have been increasing because of human to human transmission after a single introduction into the human population. Andersen and collaborators at several other research institutions used this sequencing data to explore the origins and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 by focusing in on several tell-tale features of the virus.
The scientists analyzed the genetic template for spike proteins, armatures on the outside of the virus that it uses to grab and penetrate the outer walls of human and animal cells. More specifically, they focused on two important features of the spike protein:
- the receptor-binding domain (RBD), a kind of grappling hook that grips onto host cells,
- and the cleavage site, a molecular can opener that allows the virus to crack open and enter host cells.
The scientists found that the RBD portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins had evolved to effectively target a molecular feature on the outside of human cells called ACE2, a receptor involved in regulating blood pressure. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was so effective at binding the human cells, in fact, that the scientists concluded it was the result of natural selection and not the product of genetic engineering.
This evidence for natural evolution was supported by data on SARS-CoV-2's backbone -- its overall molecular structure. If someone were seeking to engineer a new coronavirus as a pathogen, they would have constructed it from the backbone of a virus known to cause illness. But the scientists found that the SARS-CoV-2 backbone differed substantially from those of already known coronaviruses and mostly resembled related viruses found in bats and pangolins. "These two features of the virus, the mutations in the RBD portion of the spike protein and its distinct backbone, rules out laboratory manipulation as a potential origin for SARS-CoV-2" said Andersen.
Based on their genomic sequencing analysis, Andersen and his collaborators concluded that the most likely origins for SARS-CoV-2 followed one of two possible scenarios.
Read: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm
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